NARAYANKAR NOTES

Ecosystem 14.1 Introduction 1. Definition of Ecosystem Ecosystem : A self-regulating and self-sustaining structural and functional unit of nature (biosphere). It consists of both: Biotic components: Living organisms (plants, animals and microorganisms). Abiotic components: Non-living factors (air, water, soil, sunlight and temperature). Biotic components interact with one another and with their surrounding environment. A. G. Tansley (1935) coined the term ecosystem . 2. Size of Ecosystems Ecosystems vary greatly in size: Small: A pond or a small farmland. Large: Oceans or villages. The entire biosphere can be considered one global ecosystem, consisting of many local ecosystems. 3. Types of Ecosystems A. Based on Environment 1. Terrestrial Ecosystems (Land) Forest,  Grassland,  Desert 2. Aquatic Ecosystems (Water) Lakes,  Wetlands,  Rivers,  Seas,  Oceans Estuaries (areas where freshwater mixes with seawater). B. Based on Origin 1. Natural Ecosystems  ...

  Section A – 1 Mark Questions Q.1. A simple harmonic oscillator has amplitude 16 cm and period 4 seconds. The interval of time required by it to travel from x = 16 cm to x = 8 cm is _______. (July 2022) (a) 1/2 second (b) 2/3 second (c) 5/6 second (d) 4/3 second Q.2. Periodic time of angular oscillations of a bar magnet is proportional to the _______. (July 2023) (a) ratio of moment of inertia and magnetic field (b) ratio of magnetic field and moment of inertia (c) square root of the ratio of moment of inertia and magnetic field (d) square root of the ratio of magnetic field and moment of inertia Q.3. A body performing linear S.H.M. experiences a force of 0.2 N when displaced through 4 cm from the mean position. Its force constant will be _______. (July 2023) (a) 2 N/m (b) 2.5 N/m (c) 5 N/m (d) 8 N/m Q.4. The velocity of bob of a second’s pendulum when it is 6 cm from its mean position and amplitude of 10 cm, is _______. (February 2024) (A) 8π cm/s (B) 6π cm/s (C) 4π cm/s (D) 2π c...

Chapter: Organisms and Populations 1. Introduction to Ecology Ecology: Study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their physical (abiotic) environment. History of Ecology: Reiter: First used the term Ecology. E. Haeckel: Introduced and developed the concept of ecology. Levels of Organisation in the Living World Living organisms show different levels of organisation, from simple to complex: Macromolecules → Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organisms → Populations → Communities → Ecosystems → Biomes 2. Ecological Hierarchy Ecological hierarchy: Ecological grouping of organisms into levels of increasing biological complexity. There are four major sequential levels: 1. Organism An individual living being. Basic unit of ecological hierarchy. 2. Population Organisms of the same kind (same species) inhabiting a particular geographical area. 3. Community Several populations of different species living in a particular area. These populations interact with one another. 4. Biome A ...