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Superposition of wave

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Physics Notes: Sound & Musical Instruments Physics Class Notes 1. Applications of Beats (6.9.2) Tuning Musical Instruments: Artists tune instruments by sounding them alongside a reference frequency and adjusting until the beat frequency drops to zero (in unison ). Determining Speed (Doppler RADAR / SONAR): RADAR: Microwaves reflected off moving targets produce beats via Doppler shift to determine vehicle/aircraft speed. SONAR: Uses reflected acoustic waves underwater to determine submarine speed. Medical Diagnostics: Doppler ultrasonography and echocardiograms use phase shifts and beat principles to measure blood flow velocity in arteries and veins. Determining Unknown Frequency: Sounding an unknown frequency alongside a known variable source and adjusting until beats vanish gives the exact frequency. Audib...
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HSC: Chemistry Chapter no 4: Chemical Thermodynamics

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  CHAPTER 4 : CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS 4.1 Introduction What is Thermodynamics? Thermodynamics is the branch of chemistry that studies: • Heat changes • Work done • Energy changes during physical and chemical processes. It only tells us how much energy changes. It does NOT tell: • How fast the reaction occurs. • The mechanism (steps) of the reaction. Thermodynamic • Many physical and chemical changes involve energy. Examples: Ice melts into water. Water changes into steam. Carbon burns to form carbon dioxide. In all these changes, energy is either absorbed or released. Energy can change from one form into another. 4.2 Terms Used in Thermodynamics 4.2.1 System and Surroundings System The part of the universe chosen for study is called the system. Example: Gas inside a cylinder is the system. Surroundings Everything outside the system is called the surroundings. Examples: • Cylinder • Piston • Air • Room Universe Universe = System + Surroundings Simple F...
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