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Bio QB

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1. Common pathway for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration The common pathway for aerobic and anaerobic respiration is glycolysis . Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell . It is the first stage of cellular respiration . In this process glucose (6-carbon compound) is broken down. It forms two molecules of pyruvic acid (3-carbon compound) . A small amount of ATP energy is produced . Two molecules of ATP are formed in this process. NADH molecules are also produced. Glycolysis does not require oxygen . Therefore it acts as the common pathway for both types of respiration . 2. Organism showing protonephridia Protonephridia are excretory structures. They are commonly found in flatworms . A common example is Planaria . Protonephridia consist of flame cells . Flame cells contain beating cilia . The cilia create a current of fluid movement . They remove nitrogenous waste products . They also maintain water balance in the body . These structures open to the outside through excretor...
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Chemistry Final Exams Question Bank and answers

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Chemistry Revision: Set 1 1. Define Oxidation Number and Reduction Oxidation Number: It is the formal charge that an atom appears to have in a chemical species when all shared electrons are counted as belonging to the more electronegative atom. It is a theoretical tool used to track electron flow. Reduction: In terms of electron transfer, reduction is the gain of electrons by an atom or ion. In terms of oxidation number, it is the decrease in the oxidation state of an element. Reaction: Cu 2+ + 2e - → Cu Example: Copper is reduced as its oxidation number changes from +2 to 0. 2. State and Explain Mendeleev’s Periodic Law Statement: The physical and chemical properties of elements are a periodic function of their atomic masses . Arrangement: Mendeleev arranged the then-known 63 elements in increasing order of at...
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M2 SSC BOARD 26' PAPER LEAK

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CLICK HERE FOR THE PDF NOTES FOR M1 SSC BOARDS 2026 IMPs (Volume 1)
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M1 SSC BOARD 26' PAPER LEAK

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 CLICK HERE FOR THE PDF NOTES FOR M1 SSC BOARDS 2026 IMPs 
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Pepsin & Digestion

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Pepsin is a protein-digesting enzyme (a chemical that breaks down proteins into smaller pieces). Pepsin works only in an acidic medium (a condition where the pH is low, like in the stomach). In the stomach, hydrochloric acid (HCl) makes the environment strongly acidic. This acidic environment activates pepsin and allows it to break proteins into smaller peptides (small chains of amino acids). When food leaves the stomach, it is called chyme (semi-digested food mixed with gastric juice). This chyme enters the small intestine. The small intestine does not have an acidic environment. Instead, it has an alkaline medium (a condition where the pH is high, opposite of acidic). Bile juice, produced by the liver, enters the small intestine. Bile juice is alkaline in nature. Its main function is to neutralise (cancel the effect of) the acid present in chyme. Pancreatic juice is also released into the small intestine. Pancreatic juice contains bicarbonate ions (alkaline substances that reduce aci...
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States Of Matter Test (23/02/2026)

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  CHEMISTRY TEST – States Of Matter  Total Marks: 50. Time: 1 hour Section A: Multiple Choice Questions (5 marks) Choose the correct answer. The unit of viscosity in CGS system is: Newton Dyne Poise Pascal For 2 moles of an ideal gas, the ideal gas equation becomes: PV = RT PV = 2RT PV = nRT PV = T At constant temperature, pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume. This law is: Charles’ Law Boyle’s Law Avogadro’s Law Dalton’s Law The intermolecular forces in liquids are: Greater than solids Less than gases Greater than gases but less than solids Equal to gases Density of a gas at constant temperature and pressure is directly proportional to its: Volume Molar mass Temperature Pressure Section B: Very Short Answer ...
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Human nutrition Answer Key (21/02/2026)

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  14. Human Nutrition ANSWER KEY  SECTION A – MCQs (1 Mark Each) 1. Acinar cells are present in pancreas. • Acinar cells are exocrine cells of the pancreas. • These cells secrete digestive enzymes into the pancreatic duct. 2. Molars are maximum in number in human buccal cavity. • An adult human has twelve molars in total. • Molars are more in number compared to incisors, canines, and premolars. 3. Talking is not a digestive function of the tongue. • Talking is related to speech and communication. • Taste, swallowing, and mixing food with saliva are digestive functions. 4. Pepsin is a protease enzyme. • Pepsin helps in the digestion of proteins. • Protease is an enzyme that breaks down proteins into simpler substances. 5. Pepsin works best in acidic medium. • Pepsin functions effectively at a pH of about 1.5 to 2. • The acidic environment of the stomach activates pepsin. SECTION B – Short Answer (3 Marks Each) 1. Why was Shiv adv...
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