NARAYANKAR NOTES

INTRODUCTION In English grammar, verbs are very important because they show action, state, or condition. Along with main verbs, English also uses special verbs called helping verbs. Modal auxiliary verbs are a special type of helping verbs. They help the main verb to express ideas like ability, permission, possibility, necessity, obligation, advice, and intention. PART 1: HELPING VERBS (AUXILIARY VERBS) DEFINITION OF HELPING VERBS Helping verbs are verbs that help the main verb to form tense, voice, mood, or emphasis. They do not show action alone. They always come before the main verb. MAIN HELPING VERBS IN ENGLISH There are three primary helping verbs in English: Be Have Do These verbs change their form according to tense and subject. BE – FORMS AND USES Forms of “Be”: am, is, are (present) was, were (past) being (continuous) been (perfect) Uses of “Be”: a) To form continuous (progressive) tense Example: She is reading a book. They were playing football. b) To form passive voice Exam...

  🌟 English Grammar Mixed Practice (40 Questions) 🌟 This exercise contains Question Tags , Change the Voice , Indirect Speech , and Articles — 10 questions from each topic mixed together. Try answering before checking the category below! 1. She is very kind, isn't she? 2. The letter was written by her. (Change the voice) 3. He said, “I am going home.” (Change into indirect speech) 4. I saw ___ elephant in the zoo. (Fill in the article) 5. They don’t eat meat, do they? 6. The students are cleaning the classroom. (Change the voice) 7. She said, “I can swim well.” (Change into indirect speech) 8. He bought ___ new car yesterday. (Fill in the article) 9. You have met him before, haven’t you? 10. The window has been broken by someone. (Change the voice) 11. He said to me, “Where are you going?” (Change into indirect speech) 12. She is ___ honest woman. (Fill in the article) 13. Let’s take a break, shall we? 14. They are repairing the road. (Change t...

1. What is a Clause? A clause is a group of words that contains a subject (who/what the sentence is about) and a predicate (the verb and the rest of the information about the subject). Example: She sings well. Subject = She Predicate = sings well 2. Difference between Clause and Phrase Clause : has both a subject and a predicate. Phrase : is just a group of words without both subject and predicate. Example: Phrase: in the park (no subject, no predicate) Clause: She plays in the park (subject = she, predicate = plays in the park). 3. Types of Clauses Clauses are mainly divided into two categories : Independent Clause (Main Clause) Dependent Clause (Subordinate Clause) 4. Independent Clause An independent clause expresses a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. Example: I enjoy reading books. 5. Dependent Clause A dependent clause cannot stand alone. It depends on an independent clause to make sense. Example: because I e...

  Stage 1: Foundations (Basic Building Blocks) Alphabet, Words & Sentences (types of sentences: declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory) Parts of Speech (Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, Interjection, Articles) Subject, Predicate & Object (basic sentence structure) Phrases & Clauses (introduction) Stage 2: Sentence Formation & Usage Kinds of Nouns & Pronouns (countable, uncountable, personal, relative, reflexive, etc.) Adjectives & Degrees of Comparison Adverbs & Their Position in Sentences Prepositions & Their Usage Conjunctions & Sentence Linking Articles (a, an, the) & Determiners Stage 3: Verbs & Tenses Main & Auxiliary Verbs (is/are, do/does, have/has, modal verbs) Subject-Verb Agreement Tenses (Past, Present, Future – Simple, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous) Common Tense Errors & Corrections Stage 4: Sentence Tran...

  V1 (Base) V2 (Past) V3 (Past Participle) be was/were been become became become begin began begun break broke broken bring brought brought build built built buy bought bought catch caught caught choose chose chosen come came come cost cost cost cut cut cut do did done draw drew drawn drink drank drunk drive drove driven eat ate eaten fall fell fallen feed fed fed feel felt felt fight fought fought find found found fly flew flown forget forgot forgotten forgive forgave forgiven get got got give gave given go went gone grow grew grown hang hung hung have had had hear heard heard hide hid hidden hit hit hit hold held held hurt hurt hurt keep kept kept know knew known lay laid laid lead led led learn learnt learnt leave left left lend lent lent let let let lie lay lain lose lost lost make made made mean meant meant meet met met pay paid paid put put put read read read ride rode ridden ring rang rung rise rose risen run ran run...

Reading books have many benefits. It can help reduce stress and improve brain function. By reading, you can also learn new things and gain different perspectives. Reading books is also a great way to improve your writing skills. It’s like a workout for your brain! Additionally, reading can be a great way to relax and unwind. If you’re having trouble sleeping, reading a book can help you fall asleep faster. Moreover, reading books can help develop emotional intelligence. This can help you understand people better and be more compassionate. Reading books can also help you improve your problem-solving skills. When you read, you’re exposed to different ideas and worlds. Note: This essay is for 4th grade students.

The teacher said to me, "Are you ready for the test?" Mother said to Ramesh, "Have you finished your homework?" The policeman said to the driver, "Where are you going?" The doctor said to the patient, "How do you feel now?" Father said to me, "Did you call your friend?" The shopkeeper said to the boy, "What do you want to buy?" My friend said to me, "Can you lend me your pen?" She said to her brother, "Why are you crying?" The guide said to the tourists, "Do you need any help?" The librarian said to the student, "When will you return the book?"

  ✅ 1. Simile Meaning: A simile is a figure of speech that compares two different things using the words "like" or "as" . Example: She is as graceful as a swan. His smile was bright like the sun. ✅ 2. Metaphor Meaning: A metaphor is a figure of speech that directly compares two unrelated things by saying one is the other. It does not use "like" or "as". Example: Time is a thief. Her voice was music to his ears. ✅ 3. Repetition Meaning: Repetition is a literary device where words or phrases are repeated to emphasize an idea or theme. Example: Let it snow, let it snow, let it snow. I have a dream… I have a dream… I have a dream… (from Martin Luther King Jr.’s speech) ✅ 4. Alliteration Meaning: Alliteration is the repetition of the same beginning consonant sounds in a sequence of words. Example: She sells seashells by the seashore . Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.

  What is an Adjective? An adjective is a word that describes or modifies a noun or pronoun. Adjectives give more information about an object's size, shape, age, colour, origin, or material. Example: She wore a beautiful dress. ( Beautiful describes the noun dress .) Functions of Adjectives Describing Quality: He is a clever boy. ( Clever tells us the quality of the boy.) Indicating Quantity: She has three dogs. ( Three tells us how many dogs.) Showing Size or Shape: They live in a small house. ( Small tells us the size of the house.) The round table is in the corner. ( Round describes the shape of the table.) Expressing Age: I have an old car. ( Old tells the age of the car.) Denoting Color: He wore a blue shirt. ( Blue tells us the color.) Indicating Origin or Material: She bought an Italian handbag. ( Italian describes where the handbag is from.) He buil...

She smiled happily at the good news. We moved here last year. The train leaves soon. My brother rarely eats vegetables. Is this seat already taken? Hopefully, we will win the match. The dog barked loudly all night. He answered the question easily. I will see you later. The flowers bloomed beautifully in spring. What is an Adverb? An adverb is a word that modifies or provides more information about a verb, adjective, another adverb, or even an entire sentence. Adverbs typically answer questions like how , when , where , to what extent , or how often something happens Examples: She sings beautifully . (modifies the verb "sings") The movie was really good. (modifies the adjective "good") He ran very quickly. (modifies the adverb "quickly") Fortunately , we arrived on time. (modifies the whole sentence) Main Types of Adverbs Adverbs can be grouped based on the information they add. Here are the main types with definitions and examples: ...

What is a Verb? A verb is a word that shows action , state , or occurrence . It is the most important part of a sentence because it tells what the subject is doing or what is happening. Examples: She runs every morning. (action) He is happy. (state) It rained yesterday. (occurrence) Main Types of Verbs 1. Action Verbs These verbs show what someone or something does . Examples: She writes a letter. The dog barks loudly. 2. Linking Verbs These verbs connect the subject with a state or condition . They do not show action . Common linking verbs: is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been, become, seem Examples: He is a doctor. The milk smells bad. 3. Helping Verbs (Auxiliary Verbs) These verbs are used with the main verb to show tense, voice, or mood. Common helping verbs: is, am, are, was, were, have, has, had, do, does, did, will, shall, can, may, might, must Examples: She is playing tennis. They have finished their work. ...

What is a Pronoun? A pronoun is a word that is used instead of a noun . It helps us avoid repeating the same noun again and again in a sentence. Why do we use pronouns? Using pronouns: Makes sentences shorter and clearer. Avoids repeating names or nouns again and again. Example without pronoun: Ravi is a good boy. Ravi goes to school every day. Ravi loves reading. With pronoun: Ravi is a good boy. He goes to school every day. He loves reading. Types of Pronouns with Easy Examples 1. Personal Pronouns These are used to talk about people or things . Examples: I, you, he, she, it, we, they, me, him, her, us, them Example Sentences: I like to play. She is my friend. They are watching TV. Can you help me? 2. Possessive Pronouns These show ownership or possession (something belongs to someone). Examples: my, your, his, her, its, our, their, mine, yours, hers, ours, theirs Example Sentences: This is my book. That ball is mine . Their...

 💠 What is a Noun? A noun is the name of a person, place, animal, thing, or idea . It is one of the eight parts of speech in English grammar. 🟩 Examples: Ravi (person), Mumbai (place), lion (animal), book (thing), freedom (idea) ✅ Types of Nouns There are 5 main types of nouns: 1️⃣ Proper Noun A Proper Noun is the specific name of a person, place, or thing. It always starts with a capital letter . 🟩 Examples: Sachin Tendulkar , India , Ganga River , Sunday , Taj Mahal 🟢 In sentence: Virat Kohli is a famous cricketer. 2️⃣ Common Noun A Common Noun is a general name for people, places, or things of the same kind or class. It is not capitalised unless at the beginning of a sentence. 🟩 Examples: boy , city , river , day , monument 🟢 In sentence: The boy is playing in the park . 3️⃣ Collective Noun A Collective Noun refers to a group of people, animals, or things considered as a single unit. 🟩 Examples: team , flock , army , bunch , class...