NARAYANKAR NOTES

  Logic – II (Subject Code: 66852) Q.1) Answer the following in one or two sentences (Any Six) a. Define mediate inference. Ans: Mediate inference is a process of reasoning in which the conclusion is derived from two or more premises by means of a middle term connecting them. b. State the meaning of "Anumana" with reference to Nyaya logic. Ans: In Nyaya logic, "Anumana" means inference. It is the process of reasoning where a conclusion is drawn based on the observation of a universal relation between the middle term and the major term. c. Illustrate the rule of Conjunction. Ans: The rule of Conjunction states that if two propositions are true separately, then their conjunction is also true. Symbolically: p, q ⊢ p ∧ q d. Identify and illustrate the rule of deductive proof: “You practice martial art regularly. Therefore, either you practice martial art regularly or you play cricket on weekends.” Ans: This is an example of the rule of Addition in ded...

  Q.1 Answer the following in one or two sentences (Any Six) a) State the rule of Simple Constructive Dilemma. Ans: The rule of Simple Constructive Dilemma states that if both conditional propositions are true and the disjunctive premise affirms one of their antecedents, then one of the consequents must follow. Symbolically: (p → q) ∧ (r → s); p ∨ r ∴ q ∨ s. b) Define Hypothesis. Ans: A hypothesis is a provisional statement or assumption made to explain certain facts, which can be tested through verification or experimentation. c) State the rule of Modus Tollendo Ponens. Ans: The rule of Modus Tollendo Ponens means “the way of affirming by denying.” It states that if there is a disjunction and one part is denied, the other is affirmed. Symbolically: (p ∨ q), ¬p ∴ q. d) Name the four valid moods of all figures of categorical syllogism having ‘E’ proposition as its conclusion. Ans: The four valid moods having ‘E’ (negative universal) conclusion are: EAE, AEE, EIO, a...

  Q.1 Answer the following in one or two sentences (Any Six) a) State Aristotle's Dictum and its meaning. Ans: Aristotle's Dictum states that "What is affirmed or denied of a whole class may be affirmed or denied of everything contained in that class." It means that if a predicate belongs to a class, it belongs to all its members. b) Give the Symbolic form of rule of De Morgan's Law. Ans: The symbolic forms are: 1) ¬(p ∧ q) ≡ (¬p ∨ ¬q) 2) ¬(p ∨ q) ≡ (¬p ∧ ¬q) c) State the Rule of Material Implication. Give Symbolic form. Ans: The Rule of Material Implication states that “If p implies q, then either q is true or p is false.” Symbolic form: (p → q) ≡ (¬p ∨ q) d) Define the fallacy of Equivocation. Ans: The fallacy of Equivocation occurs when a word or expression is used in different senses within the same argument, causing confusion and invalid reasoning. e) State any new impediments to good reasoning. Ans: Impediments to good reasoning incl...

  When both the premises are particular affirmative in a categorical syllogism, it commits the fallacy of Undistributed middle Particular premises Illicit process Equivocation Ans: b) Particular premises If one premise is particular then the conclusion must be Affirmative Universal Particular Negative Ans: c) Particular Some laws are good and the Motor Vehicles Act is law, therefore, the Motor Vehicles Act is good. This is a/an Valid argument Invalid Enthymeme Sorites Ans: b) Invalid "Either India will win or Australia will win and winners will be the champions" is equivalent to "Either India will win or Australia will win and either India will win or winners will be the champions." This is an example of the rule of replacement Commutative laws Associative laws Distributive laws Material impl...

  Logic II - 2nd Year B.A. LL.B. Answers (Subject Code: 57203) Logic II - Question Paper (Subject Code: 57203) Answers for 2nd Year B.A. LL.B. (Semester IV) Q.1 Answer the following in one or two sentences: (a) What is the function of middle term in categorical syllogism? Ans: The middle term connects the major and minor terms and helps establish a logical relation between them. It appears in both premises but not in the conclusion. (b) Give an example of equivocation in the form of categorical syllogism. Ans: Example: All banks are beside rivers. All banks are financial institutions. Therefore, all financial institutions are beside rivers. (Here, ‘bank’ is used ambiguously.) (c) Symbolise and state the rule of inference: “Living in harmony with nature adds value to our life and we have to learn from nature to minimise the effects of destruction. Therefore, living in harmony with nature adds value to our life.” Ans: Let H = Living in harmony with nature adds v...

  Logic II - 2nd Year B.A. LL.B. Answers Logic II - Question Paper (QP Code: 25492) Answers for 2nd Year B.A. LL.B. Q.1 Answer in one or two sentences: (a) Define mediate inference. Give an example. Ans: Mediate inference is reasoning where the conclusion is derived from two or more premises. Example: All men are mortal; Socrates is a man; therefore, Socrates is mortal. (b) Give an example of ambiguous minor term in categorical syllogism. Ans: Example: All banks are beside rivers. All banks are financial institutions. Therefore, all financial institutions are beside rivers. (c) Give the symbolic expression of pure hypothetical syllogism. Ans: If P → Q, and Q → R, therefore P → R. (d) Symbolise and state the Rule of Inference: “If he is guilty, he will be punished. He is guilty; therefore, he will be punished.” Ans: Let G = He is guilty, P = He will be punished. Symbolically: G → P, G ⸫ P (Modus Ponendo Ponens). (e) Symbolise and state the Rules of Repla...

  </ Combined Exam Timetable (Lakshya Bapi Sahu & Anand) Date Day Subject Timing Marks (if available) 07-10-12 Tuesday Drawing 8 to 10 AM 70 08-10-12 Wednesday Computer 8 to 10 AM 50 09-10-12 Thursday Geography 8 to 9:15 AM 24 10-10-12 Friday Hindi 8 to 10 AM 50 11-10-12 Saturday Maths 8 to 10 AM 50 13-10-12 Monday Marathi 8 to 10 AM 50 14-10-12 Tuesday Science 8 to 10 AM 50 15-10-12 Wednesday English 8 to 10 AM 50