NARAYANKAR NOTES

  Respiration and Energy Transfer Biology Respiration and Energy Production – Grade 7 13.1 Formation of ATP ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the energy currency of the cell. The formation of ATP is called phosphorylation . In nature, phosphorylation occurs in three different ways: Photophosphorylation – occurs during photosynthesis. Substrate-level phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation Substrate-level phosphorylation is the direct transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP to form ATP. It occurs in the cytoplasm and in the mitochondrial matrix. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs on the inner mitochondrial membrane. Here, ATP is formed using the energy released during oxidation of NADH+H + and FADH 2 . When energy is required, ATP is broken down (hydrolysed) into ADP and inorganic phosphate, releasing energy for metabolic activities. Respiration is a catabolic process in which complex organic compounds are broken down to release en...

  Plant Tissues and Anatomy Anatomy is the study of the internal structure of an organism. Plants are made of organs like root, stem, and leaf. Each organ is made of groups of cells. A group of similar or different cells having a common function and origin is called a tissue . Plant tissues are divided into two main types: Meristematic tissue Permanent tissue 8.2 Meristematic Tissue Meristematic tissue is a group of young, living cells that have the ability to divide. These tissues are found in growing regions of the plant. Cells are small and actively dividing Cells are polygonal or round in shape No intercellular spaces are present Cell wall is thin and made of cellulose Nucleus is large and prominent Vacuoles are very small or absent Cells have high metabolic activity Cells are immature Classification of Meristem: 1. Based on Origin Promeristem (Primordial meristem) – found at root and shoot tips in embr...

  Cell Cycle and Cell Division – Grade 7 Biology Cell Cycle and Cell Division – Grade 7 Life of all multicellular organisms starts from a single cell called a zygote . A zygote is formed after fertilization when male and female gametes fuse. From this single cell, the whole body of an organism develops. Growth of every living organism depends on cell division . New cells are formed when old cells divide. According to cell theory, every new cell arises from a pre-existing cell. 7.1 Cell Cycle The sequence of events that occurs in the life of a cell from one division to the next is called the cell cycle . The cell cycle has two main phases: Interphase – preparation phase M-phase – division phase Interphase Interphase is the stage between two successive cell divisions. It is the longest phase of the cell cycle. During this phase, the cell is very active and prepares itself for division. Interphase is divided into three sub-phases: ...

  Human Nutrition & Digestion What is Nutrition? Nutrition is the sum of all processes by which an organism (like a human) consumes and uses food. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) , it is the intake of food in relation to what your body needs. To be healthy, our body needs specific items in the right amounts: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, Vitamins, Minerals, Water, and Fibers. The 5 Steps of the Digestive Process  Nutrition isn't just eating; it involves these five technical stages: Ingestion: Putting food into the mouth. Digestion: Breaking complex, large food into small, simple pieces. Absorption: The blood picking up the nutrients. Assimilation: The body cells using those nutrients for energy and growth. Egestion: Removing the undigested waste from the body . ...

Assertive (or declarative) sentences state facts, Interrogative sentences ask questions, Imperative sentences give commands or requests, and Exclamatory sentences express strong emotion or surprise.  Here are one-word definitions for each type: Assertive: Statement Interrogative: Question Imperative: Command Exclamatory: Exclamation   

  Physics MCQs 📘 CHAPTER 1: SOUND MCQs 1. Sound waves in air are A. Transverse waves B. Longitudinal waves C. Electromagnetic waves D. Standing waves ✔ Answer: B 2. The speed of sound depends mainly on A. Amplitude B. Frequency C. Density and elasticity of medium D. Loudness ✔ Answer: C 3. Unit of frequency is A. m/s B. rad/s C. Hertz D. Decibel ✔ Answer: C 4. Which property remains unchanged when sound passes from one medium to another? A. Velocity B. Wavelength C. Frequency D. Amplitude ✔ Answer: C 5. Laplace’s correction is applied because sound propagation is A. Isothermal B. Adiabatic C. Isochoric D. Isobaric ✔ Answer: B 6. Speed of sound is maximum in ...

  Movie / Film Review :- 12th Fail Film Title : 12th Fail Written and Directed by : Vidhu Vinod Chopra Producer : Chopra's Films Star Cast : Vikrant Massey, Medha Shankar, Priyanshu Chatterjee About Film : 12th Fail is based on the true story of Manoj Kumar Sharma, a young man who failed his 12th grade exams but went on to become an IPS officer despite societal pressures and limitations. Film Plot : After multiple failures, Manoj faces ridicule and hardship. He finds support in his family and a chance encounter with a teacher. He overcomes internal doubt and external resistance to crack the prestigious UPSC exam. Favourite Scenes : I liked the scene when Vikas sir says words to remember, “After you become an IAS, IPS you really need to work for our country, our people. Help the nation with your work.” I like the montage of Manoj studying day and night interspersed with flashbacks of his failures and struggles. My Opinion / Recommendation : I really liked t...

  Wave Physics Q&A Wave Physics Questions and Answers 1. What is wave ? Ans.: Wave is a periodic and regular disturbance of energy and momentum from one point of the medium to another without any flow of material of medium. 2. What do you mean by electromagnetic waves ? Ans.: Electromagnetic waves are generated due to periodic vibrations in electric and magnetic fields. 3. What do you mean by matter waves ? (1 mark) Ans. The waves always associated with any object in motion are called matter waves. 4. What are mechanical waves . State its examples. (2 marks) Ans.: (i) Waves which require material medium for their propagation are called mechanical waves. (ii) Water waves , sound waves , seismic waves and waves along a stretched string are some of the examples of mechanical waves. 5. What are travelling or progressive wave? Name the types of progressive wave? (2 marks) Ans.: ...

Question: Write an application to the Principal requesting him/her to grant five days’ leave. To, The Principal Shivaji Vidyalaya English Primary School Kurla (West) Subject: Application for five days’ leave Respected Madam, With due respect, I would like to inform you that I am a student of your reputed school . I would like to inform you that my uncle’s marriage is going to be held on 2nd January 2026. Due to this reason, my family is going to our village. Therefore, I will be unable to attend my classes from 02/01/2026 for five days. I kindly request you to please grant me five days’ leave. Thanking you. Yours obediently, Name: ________ Class: V Division: B Roll No.: ________ Date: ________

INTRODUCTION In English grammar, verbs are very important because they show action, state, or condition. Along with main verbs, English also uses special verbs called helping verbs. Modal auxiliary verbs are a special type of helping verbs. They help the main verb to express ideas like ability, permission, possibility, necessity, obligation, advice, and intention. PART 1: HELPING VERBS (AUXILIARY VERBS) DEFINITION OF HELPING VERBS Helping verbs are verbs that help the main verb to form tense, voice, mood, or emphasis. They do not show action alone. They always come before the main verb. MAIN HELPING VERBS IN ENGLISH There are three primary helping verbs in English: Be Have Do These verbs change their form according to tense and subject. BE – FORMS AND USES Forms of “Be”: am, is, are (present) was, were (past) being (continuous) been (perfect) Uses of “Be”: a) To form continuous (progressive) tense Example: She is reading a book. They were playing football. b) To form passive voice Exam...

  Sociology Solved Paper (2023) Sociology - Solved Paper (2023) Subject Code: BLS LLB SEM III | Set II Q.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1. First stage of evolution of an institution: b) Ideology 2. Criterion of social development through social division of labour: b) Emile Durkheim 3. Result of Westernization and modernization: c) Social mobility 4. Social stratification and notions of purity/pollution: a) Caste System 5. Development of the 'Self': b) Charles Horton Cooley (Looking Glass Self) 6. Sociology of law studies: b) Criminology and penology 7. Jajmani system is a feature of: d) Caste system 8. Child marriage act amendment (1978) raised age to: 18 for girls and 21 for boys. 9. Father of Sociology: a) Auguste Comte 10. Process by which people act and react in relation to others: b) Social interaction 11. Small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships: a) Primary Group ...

  Sociology Solved Paper (2024) Sociology - Solved Exam Paper (2024) Paper Code: 66832 | Date: 20/01/2024 Q.1 Answer in one or two sentences (Any 6) a) Polarization Polarization refers to the process where the social structure breaks down into two contrasting and hostile groups, specifically the Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat in Marxian theory. It signifies a widening gap between the social classes, leading to increased conflict. b) Comte's law of three stages Auguste Comte proposed that human thought and society evolve through three stages: the Theological (supernatural), the Metaphysical (abstract), and the Positive (scientific). c) Accommodation and Association Association: A group of people organized for a specific purpose or interest, such as a trade union or a club. Accommodation: A social process where individuals or groups adjust their behavior to avoid conflict and reach a state of peaceful coexistence. d) Purushart...

  Sociology Solved Paper (2025) Sociology - Solved Exam Paper (2025) Paper Code: 66832 | Date: 04/12/2024 Q.1 Answer in one or two sentences (Any 6) 1) Ascribed and Achieved Status Ascribed Status: A social position assigned at birth or involuntarily later in life, such as race, sex, or age. Achieved Status: A social position acquired on the basis of merit, effort, or choice, such as being a doctor, lawyer, or Olympic athlete. 2) Formal and Informal Group Formal Group: A group created by an organization to achieve specific goals, characterized by structured roles and rules (e.g., a corporate department). Informal Group: A group formed naturally based on shared interests or friendships without a rigid structure (e.g., a group of friends who have lunch together). 3) Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication Verbal Communication: The use of sounds and words to express oneself, encompassing both spoken and written language. Non-Verbal ...