NARAYANKAR NOTES

Dicotyledonae (Dicots) The word Dicotyledonae comes from "di" = two and "cotyledons" = seed leaves. It means dicot plants have two seed leaves inside the seed. Example: Pea, Bean, Mango, Mustard. Their seeds split into two equal halves (e.g., soaked gram/pea splits into two). Roots usually develop into a tap root system (one main root going deep with side branches). Leaf veins (lines on the leaf) are reticulate venation (net-like pattern). Stem vascular bundles (xylem and phloem arrangement) are arranged in a ring. They often form secondary growth (thickening of stem/wood formation). Flowers generally have petals in 4 or 5 or their multiples (e.g., 4, 5, 10). Their pollen grains usually have 3 furrows or pores (tricolpate). Monocotyledonae (Monocots) The word Monocotyledonae comes from "mono" = one and "cotyledons" = seed leaf. It means monocot plants have only one seed leaf inside the see...

 The order Parietales (an older botanical classification order, used in Bentham & Hooker’s system) gets its name from the word parietal , which comes from the Latin paries meaning "wall." In these plants, the ovules (the structures inside the ovary that develop into seeds) are attached to the walls of the ovary rather than to a central column or a basal part. This type of ovule arrangement is called parietal placentation . So, the order was named Parietales because its members show parietal placentation (ovules attached along the inner wall of the ovary). 👉 Example plants: Papaya, Passionflower, Cucumber, Mustard, etc.