NARAYANKAR NOTES

  ✅ SECTION – A (2 Points Each – Each point is a full sentence.) 1. What does the abbreviation ‘redox’ stand for? Redox stands for reduction and oxidation. It represents reactions in which oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously. 2. Define oxidation according to the classical concept. Oxidation is defined as the addition of oxygen to a substance. It is also defined as the removal of hydrogen from a substance. 3. Define oxidation in terms of electron transfer. Oxidation is the loss of electrons by an atom or ion. It results in an increase in oxidation number. 4. Define reduction in terms of electron transfer. Reduction is the gain of electrons by an atom or ion. It results in a decrease in oxidation number. 5. Define an oxidising agent in terms of oxidation number. An oxidising agent is a substance that increases the oxidation number of another substance. It itself undergoes reduction during the reaction. 6. Define a reducing agent in terms...

  Genius Science Academy - Chemistry Test Paper GENIUS SCIENCE ACADEMY Class: XI (Chemistry) Subject: Redox Reactions Time: 2½ Hours Maximum Marks: 100 Section A – One Line Questions (25 Marks) Answer all questions in one line. What does the abbreviation ‘redox’ stand for? Define oxidation according to the classical concept. Define oxidation in terms of electron transfer. Define reduction in terms of electron transfer. Define an oxidising agent in terms of oxidation number. Define a reducing agent in terms of oxidation number. Define a reductant in terms of electron transfer. Define an oxidant in terms of electron transfer. State the oxidation number of an atom in its free state. What is the oxidation number of Fluorine in all its compounds? State any one rule for assigning oxidation number to Hydrogen. State any one rule for assigning oxidation number to Halogens. What is a displacement reaction? What is meant by a metal displacement ...

Class 11 Physics - Sound Notes Chapter: Sound – Class 11 Notes 1. Introduction to Waves A wave is a disturbance that transfers energy and momentum from one point to another without transfer of matter. Types of Waves Mechanical Waves – Require material medium (sound, water waves) Electromagnetic Waves – Do not require medium (light) Matter Waves – Associated with moving particles 2. Common Properties of Waves Amplitude (A): Maximum displacement from mean position. Wavelength (λ): Distance between two consecutive particles in same phase. Time Period (T): Time for one complete oscillation. Frequency (n or f): \[ n = \frac{1}{T} \] Wave Velocity: \[ v = \frac{\lambda}{T} \] \[ v = n\lambda \] Frequency remains constant when wave enters another medium. Speed and wavelength change. 3. Phase of a Wave Phase describes the state of vibration of a particle. In phase – Same displacement and direction Out of phase – Different displacement o...

  Each kidney is covered by three layers . The outermost layer is renal fascia , made of thin fibrous tissue, and it fixes the kidney to the abdominal wall. The middle layer is the adipose capsule , which is fat tissue that protects the kidney from shock. The innermost layer is the renal capsule , a smooth membrane that protects the kidney from infections and continues with the ureter . Inside the kidney, there are two main regions . The outer region is the renal cortex , which is red and granular. It contains Malpighian bodies (filtering units), convoluted tubules (twisted tubes), and blood vessels . The inner region is the renal medulla , which is pale red and looks striped. It contains Loops of Henle and collecting ducts . These structures form cone-shaped parts called renal pyramids . The cortex extends between pyramids as renal columns ( Columns of Bertini ) . The narrow tip of each pyramid is called the renal papilla . There are many renal pyramids in the kidney. The tip o...

  Respiration and Energy Transfer Biology Respiration and Energy Production – Grade 7 13.1 Formation of ATP ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the energy currency of the cell. The formation of ATP is called phosphorylation . In nature, phosphorylation occurs in three different ways: Photophosphorylation – occurs during photosynthesis. Substrate-level phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation Substrate-level phosphorylation is the direct transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP to form ATP. It occurs in the cytoplasm and in the mitochondrial matrix. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs on the inner mitochondrial membrane. Here, ATP is formed using the energy released during oxidation of NADH+H + and FADH 2 . When energy is required, ATP is broken down (hydrolysed) into ADP and inorganic phosphate, releasing energy for metabolic activities. Respiration is a catabolic process in which complex organic compounds are broken down to release en...

  Plant Tissues and Anatomy Anatomy is the study of the internal structure of an organism. Plants are made of organs like root, stem, and leaf. Each organ is made of groups of cells. A group of similar or different cells having a common function and origin is called a tissue . Plant tissues are divided into two main types: Meristematic tissue Permanent tissue 8.2 Meristematic Tissue Meristematic tissue is a group of young, living cells that have the ability to divide. These tissues are found in growing regions of the plant. Cells are small and actively dividing Cells are polygonal or round in shape No intercellular spaces are present Cell wall is thin and made of cellulose Nucleus is large and prominent Vacuoles are very small or absent Cells have high metabolic activity Cells are immature Classification of Meristem: 1. Based on Origin Promeristem (Primordial meristem) – found at root and shoot tips in embr...

  Cell Cycle and Cell Division – Grade 7 Biology Cell Cycle and Cell Division – Grade 7 Life of all multicellular organisms starts from a single cell called a zygote . A zygote is formed after fertilization when male and female gametes fuse. From this single cell, the whole body of an organism develops. Growth of every living organism depends on cell division . New cells are formed when old cells divide. According to cell theory, every new cell arises from a pre-existing cell. 7.1 Cell Cycle The sequence of events that occurs in the life of a cell from one division to the next is called the cell cycle . The cell cycle has two main phases: Interphase – preparation phase M-phase – division phase Interphase Interphase is the stage between two successive cell divisions. It is the longest phase of the cell cycle. During this phase, the cell is very active and prepares itself for division. Interphase is divided into three sub-phases: ...