4.Structure of Atom

Qno.1. Choose correct option 

A. The energy difference between the shells goes on ............... when move away from the nucleus. 

 a. Increasing        b. Decreasing 

 c. Equalizing.       d. Static

B. The value of plank's constant is-

 a. 6.626 x 10-³⁴Js

 b. 6.023 x 10-²⁴Js

 c. 1.667 x 10-²⁸Js

 d. 6.626 x 10-²⁸Js

C. A boundary surface diagram is a good representation of shape of an orbtial.

a. spherical

b. dumbbell

c. double dumbbell

d. diagonal

D. "No two electrons in the same atom can have identical set of four quantum numbers". This statement is known as_______.

a. Pauli's exclusion principle

b. Hund's rule

c. Aufbau rule

d. Heisenberg uncertainty principle

Qno.2. Make the pairs (½Mark Each)

Qno.3. Complete the following information about the isotopes in the chart given below:  (½Mark Each)

Ans:-

Qno.4. Match the following:  (½Mark Each)

Qno.5. Answer in one sentence:

 

A. If an element 'X' has mass number 11 and it has 6 neutrons, then write its representation. (1 marks)

Ans: 

B. Name the element that shows simplest emission spectrum. (1marks)

Ans:- The element that shows simplest emission spectrum is hydrogen.

C. State Heisenberg uncertainty principle.

(1 marks)

Ans:- Heisenberg uncertainty principle state that " IT is impossible to determine simultaneously, the exact position and exact momentum (or velocity) of an electron.

D. Identify from the following the isoelectronic species:(2 mark)

Ans:- Atoms and ions having the same number of electrons are isoelectronic.

Qno.6. Answer the following questions.

A. Differentiate between isotopes and isobars.

Ans:-

B. Define the terms:

 

 1. Isotones.

Ans:- Isotones are defined as the atoms of different elements having same number of neutrons in their nuclei.

2. Isoelectronic species.

Ans:- Isoelectronic species are defined as atoms and ions having the same number of electrons.

 3. Electronic configuration.

Ans:- Electronic configuration of anatomy is defined as the distribution of its electrons in orbitals.

C. State and explain Pauli's exclusion principle.

Ans: 

i. Pauli's exclusion principle:

Statement: "No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers". 

                      OR

"Only two electrons can occupy the same orbital and they must have opposite spins."

ii. The capacity of an orbital to accommodate electrons is decided by Pauli's exclusion principle.

iii. According to this principle, for an electron belonging to the same orbital, the spin quantum number must be different since the other three quantum numbers are the same.

iv. The spin quantum number can have two values: +½ and -½.

v. Example, consider helium (He) atom with electronic configuration 1s².

 For the two electrons in 1s orbital, the four quantum numbers are as follows:

 This, in an atom, any two electrons can have the same three quantum numbers, but the fourth quantum number must be different.

vi. This leads to the conclusion that an orbital can accommodate maximum of two electrons and if it has two electrons,they must have opposite spin.

D. State Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity with suitable example.

(2 Marks)

Ans: 

Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity:

i. Statement: "Pairing of electrons in the orbitals belonging to the same subshell does not occur unless each orbital belonging to that subshell has got one electron each."

ii. Example, according to Hund's rule, each of the three-degenerate p-orbitals must get electron of parallel spin before any one of them receives the second electron of opposite spin. Therefore, the configuration of four electrons occupying p-orbitals is represented as

  and not as

iii. As a result of Hund's rule, the atom with fully filled and half-filled set of degenerate orbitals has extra stability.

E.  Write the drawbacks of Rutherford's model of an atom.(3marks)

Ans: 

Drawbacks of Rutherford's model of an atom:

i. Rutherford's model of an atom resembles the solar system with the nucleus playing the role of the massive sun and the electrons are lighter planets. Thus, according to this model, electrons having negative charge revolve in various orbits around the nucleus.

However, the electrons revolving about the orbital motion is an accompanied by a continuous change in the velocity of electron as accelerated motion noticed from the continuously changing direction. According to Maxwell's theory of electromagnetic radiation, accelerated charged particles would emit electromagnetic radiation. Hence, an electron revolving around the nucleus should continuously emit radiation and lose equivalent energy. As a result, the orbit would shrink continuously and the electron would come closer to the nucleus by following a spiral path. It would ultimately fall into the nucleus. Thus, Rutherford's model has an intrinsic instability of atom. However, real atoms are stable.

ii. Rutherford's model of an atom does not describe the distribution of electrons around the nucleus and their energies.

F. Write postulates of Bohr's theory of hydrogen atom.(3 marks)

Ans: 

Postulates of Bohr's theory of hydrogen atom:

i. The electron in the hydrogen atom can move around the nucleus in one of the many possible circular paths of fixed radius and energy. These paths are called orbits, stationary states or allowed energy states. These orbits are arranged concentrically around the nucleus in an increasing order of energy.

ii. The energy of an electron in the orbit does not change with time. However, the electron will move from a lower stationary state to a higher stationary state if and when the required amount of energy is absorbed by the electron. Energy is emitted when electron moves from a higher stationary state to a lower stationary state. The energy change does not take place in  a continuous manner.

iii. The frequency of radiation absorbed or emitted when transition occurs between two stationary states that differ in energy by ∆ E is given by the following expression:

Where E1 and E2 are the energies of the lower and higher allowed energy states respectively. This expression is commonly known as Bohr's frequency rule. 

iv. The angular momentum of an electron in a given stationary state can be expressed as mvr = n × h/2π where, n = 1, 2, 3 

Thus, an electron can move only in those orbits for which its angular momentum is integral multiple of n x h/2π  Thus, only certain fixed orbits are allowed.

G. Mention the demerits of Bohr's atomic model.

Ans: 

Demerits of Bohr's atomic model:

i. Bohr's atomic model (theory) failed to account for finer details of the atomic spectrum of hydrogen as observed in sophisticated spectroscopic experiments.

ii. Bohr's atomic model (theory) was unable to explain the spectrum of atoms other than hydrogen.

iii. Bohr's atomic model (theory) could not explain the splitting of spectral lines in the presence of a magnetic field (Zeeman effect) or electric field (Stark effect).

iv. Bohr's atomic model (theory) failed to explain the ability of atoms to form molecules by chemical bonds.

H. State the order of filling atomic orbitals following Aufbau principal.(3marks)

Ans:- Aufbau principal:

i. Aufbau principle gives the sequence in which various orbitals are filled with electrons.

ii. In the ground state of an atom, the orbitals are filled with electrons based on increasing order of energies of orbitals, Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity.

iii. Increasing order of energies of orbitals:

a. Orbitals are filled in order of increasing value of (n + l)

b. In cases where the two orbitals have same value of (n + l ), the orbital with lower value of n is filled first.

iv. The increasing order of energy of different orbitals in a multi-electron atom is:

< 1s <2s <2p <3s <3p<4s <3d<4p<5s <4d <5p<6s <4f<5d < 6p < 7s and so on.

I. Explain the anomalous behaviour of copper and chromium.

Ans:

i. Copper:

a. Copper (Cu) has atomic number 29.

b. Its  expected electronic configuration is 1s² 2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d⁹.

b. The 3d orbital is neither half-filled nor fully filled. Hence, it has less stability.

d. Due to interelectronic repulsion forces, one 4s electron enters into 3d orbital. This makes 3d orbital completely filled and 4s orbital half-filled which gives extra stability and the electronic configuration of Cu becomes, 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s¹3d¹⁰.

ii. Chromium:

a. Chromium (Cr) has atomic number 24.

b. electronic configuration is 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d⁴.

с. The 3d orbital is less stable as it is not half-filled.

d. Due to inter electronic repulsion forces, one 4s electron enters into 3d orbital. This makes 4s and 3d orbitals half-filled which gives extra stability and the electronic configuration of Cr becomes, 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s¹3d⁵.

J. Write orbital notations for elections in Orbitals with the following quantum numbers.(1Mark Each)

i. n=2,l=1

ii. n=4,n=2

iii. n=3,n=2

Ans:-

i. 2p.    ii. 4d.    iii. 3d.

K. Write electronic configuration of Fe, Fe²+,Fe³+. (3 mark)

Ans:-

J. Write condensed orbital notation of electronic configuration of the following elements:(1mark Each)

i. Lithium (Z=3)         ii. Carbon(Z=6)

iii.Oxygen(Z=8)       iv. Silicon(Z=14)

v. Chlorine (Z=17)    vi.Calcium(Z=20)   

Ans:-  

M. Draw shapes of 2s and 2p orbitals.

Ans:-

N. Explain in brief the significance of

 azimuthal quantum number.(3marks)

Ans:-

Azimuthal quantum number (l):

i. Azimuthal quantum number is also known as subsidiary quantum number and is represented by letter l.

ii. It represents the subshell to which the electron belongs. It also defines the shape of the orbital that is occupied by the electron.

iii. Its value depends upon the value of principal quantum number 'n'. It can have only positive values between 0 and (n - 1).

iv. Atomic orbitals with the same value of 'n' but different values of 'l' constitute a subshell belonging to the shell for the given 'n'. The azimuthal quantum number gives the number of subshells in a principal shell. The subshells having I equal to 0, 1, 2,3 are represented by symbols s, p, d, f, ... respectively.

O. If n=3,what are the quantum number l and m(l)?

Ans:- 

P. 

Ans:-

Q.  Write a note on principal quantum number.(3 marks)

Ans:

Principal quantum number (n):

i. Principal quantum number indicates the principal shell or main energy level to which the electron belongs.

ii. It is denoted by 'n' and is a positive integer with values 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,

iii. A set of atomic orbitals with given value of 'n' constitutes a single shell. These shells are also represented by the letters K, L, M, N, etc.

iv. With increase of 'n', the number of allowed orbitals in that shell increases and is given by n².

v. The allowed orbitals in the first four shells are given below:

vi. As the value of 'n' increase, the distance of the shell from the nucleus increases and the size of the shell increase. It's energy also goes on increasing.

R. Using concept of quantum numbers, calculats the maximum numbers of electrons present in the 'M' shell. Give their distribution in shells, subshells and orbitals.(3marks)

Ans:

i. Each main shell contains a maximum of 2 electrons. For 'M' shell, n = 3 Therefore, the maximum numbers of electron present in the 'M' shell = 2 x (3)² = 18.

ii. The distribution of these electrons in shells, subshells and orbitals can be given as follows:

S. Indicate the number of unpaired electrons in: (1mark Each)

i. Si(z=14)           

ii. Cr(Z=24) 

Ans:-

T. An atom of an element contains 29 electrons and 35 neutrons. Deduce:

i. The number of protons

ii. The electronic configuration of that element.(1mark Each)

Ans:

i. In an atom, number of protons is equal to number of electrons. The given atom contains 29 electrons. Number of protons = 29

ii. The electronic configuration of an atom of an element containing 29 electrons is: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶4s¹3d¹⁰.

 Note: Given element is copper (Cu) with Z = 29