Reproduction in lower and higher animals
2 Human Reproduction Human Male Reproductive System The human male reproductive system consists of: Testes Accessory ducts Accessory glands External genitalia
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Chemistry Final Exams Question Bank and answers
Chemistry Revision: Set 1 1. Define Oxidation Number and Reduction Oxidation Number: It is the formal charge that an atom appears to have in a chemical species when all shared electrons are counted as belonging to the more electronegative atom. It is a theoretical tool used to track electron flow. Reduction: In terms of electron transfer, reduction is the gain of electrons by an atom or ion. In terms of oxidation number, it is the decrease in the oxidation state of an element. Reaction: Cu 2+ + 2e - → Cu Example: Copper is reduced as its oxidation number changes from +2 to 0. 2. State and Explain Mendeleev’s Periodic Law Statement: The physical and chemical properties of elements are a periodic function of their atomic masses . Arrangement: Mendeleev arranged the then-known 63 elements in increasing order of at...
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1. Common pathway for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration The common pathway for aerobic and anaerobic respiration is glycolysis . Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell . It is the first stage of cellular respiration . In this process glucose (6-carbon compound) is broken down. It forms two molecules of pyruvic acid (3-carbon compound) . A small amount of ATP energy is produced . Two molecules of ATP are formed in this process. NADH molecules are also produced. Glycolysis does not require oxygen . Therefore it acts as the common pathway for both types of respiration . 2. Organism showing protonephridia Protonephridia are excretory structures. They are commonly found in flatworms . A common example is Planaria . Protonephridia consist of flame cells . Flame cells contain beating cilia . The cilia create a current of fluid movement . They remove nitrogenous waste products . They also maintain water balance in the body . These structures open to the outside through excretor...
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